How to Identify Different Types of Learners

How to Identify Different Types of Learners How does a teacher identify the different types of learners in a language classroom and how best plan for this afterwards? ‘†¦plan, teach / act, observe and reflect†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Sue Davidoff and Owen van den Berg, 1990) The Observation My observation was undertaken at the British Council in Kuwait/Gulf Region[ej1]. The observation class was of mixed nationality Arabic Language speakers at Intermediate level. There were twenty students in total, 80% males to 20% females. The class comprises of 30% students, 60% working or professional people 10% homemakers others. The age range is between 20 to 55 years. The class is halfway through a 6 months language course. I observed and was involved in a 90 minute lesson focusing on vocabulary, reading and speaking. At the end the teacher answered my prepared questionnaire (see Appendix)[ej2]. The following essay consists of a brief theoretical, analytical and practical examination of learning styles and typologies in a language classroom and how best to plan for them. It includes an analysis of specific elements from the observed lesson (see Appendix for a transcript[ej3]) put in the context of theory and intended future practise. To support the lesson, the teacher used the white board, an overhead projector with one transparency and three handouts. Whole class work focused on provision of vocabulary and contextualisation of the material. The material was real and relevant to contemporary interests and cultures. The teacher used discussion starters to motivate and encourage student interest and involvement (as Allwright and Bailey advise, 1991) Responses were elicited from the class and supported through teacher modelling of pronunciation and writing on the white board. Individual work was limited. The teacher had established small groups (three to four students) aimed at balancing ethnic background and gender. Research shows the importance of understanding and catering for different learning styles and cognitive strategies. When a learning style is not catered for, the student can easily become ‘bored and inattentive, do poorly on tests, get discouraged about the course, and may conclude that they are not good at the subjects’ (Zhenhui, 2001). Various parameters have been constructed for defining student’s preferred way of learning, such as Knowles (1982) concrete, analytical, communicative and authority-orientated learning styles (cited in Richards, 1994). Another defines the groups as auditory, visual and kinaesthetic learning styles (Krause et al, 2003, pp154-155) whilst figure 1 gives a representation of student and teacher inter-reactions dependent on learning styles. Some researchers such as Richards (1994, pp.59-77) consider an individuals culture as vital to understanding learning styles. Ladson-Billings (1995) advocates a method of Culturally Responsive Teachin g which integrates cultural points of reference through out the learning process. Others disagree (Kubes, 1998, cited in Krause) and cite more universal forms of learning. This class was both interested and engaged in its learning. However, during the interview, the teacher expressed a wish that there was more time for individual tailoring. The teacher acknowledged that this would better cater for the range of learning styles. More concrete resources (actual materials eg fruit, etc) and increased use of visual aids (magazines, more transparencies, laminated pictures) may also help to convey understanding and increase retention. Two ‘tests’ were used during the class one was a linking exercise and one a reading exercise. The teacher finished the lesson with each student expressing an opinion on an article using the lessons language. Whilst these were not formal tests, they involved assessment strategies. As Nunan points out (1990, p62) assessment contributes part of the information for student evaluation. As this infers, the tools for student assessment, be they observational, formative or summative, need to balance with an understanding of the ‘bigger picture’. For example, the goal may be to allow students to understand, practise and develop their own language and learning strategies (see Hismanoglu’s exploration of Language Learning Strategies, 2000) – be they direct or indirect strategies (Oxford, 1990, p9). Most students require clear and precise scaffolding (Vygotsky, in Krause, 2003, pp60-65) to develop their metacognitive practises for making meaning. Assessme nt can act as a benchmark to the success of the learning process and show the teacher areas that need to be covered again or in a different way. There is no space here to do full justice to the impact of the learning environment upon students yet it needs inclusion for a balanced understanding of students learning styles. Suffice it to say that, as Nunan and Lamb say (1996), the teacher needs to aim for a safe, positive and progressive environment that encourages student participation, thinking and risk-taking. Much as assessment is an end result of reflection upon what one wants to define, the learning environment should be based upon a thorough understanding of theoretical aspects. For example, traditional teaching methods tended towards a unitary approach to intelligence. Contemporary theories, such as Gardner’s work on multiple intelligences (cited in Krause et al, 2003) allow for the inclusion of variable factors that define a student’s strengths and weaknesses. Many agree with Wilson’s (1998) assertion that Gardner’s MI theory helps teachers createâ€Å"†¦more personalized and diversifi ed instructional experiences† and develops â€Å"empowered learners† (http://www.newhorizons.org/strategies/mi/wilson1.htm) Figure 2. Adapted from Huitt, 2004, http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/regsys/maslow.html This holistic approach agrees with an understanding of other influences upon learning, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs for example (see Figure 2), or Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) ecological systems theory. These ‘ecological’ factors encourage more integrated forms of assessment and are particularly useful in understanding various forms of ‘washback’ (see Cushing Weigle, 2002) that may result. Other more structured tests such as the Myers-Briggs Type Indications Survey, (Myers McCaulley, 1985) may also have their place. The teacher used gender and ethnic background to balance the groups. The groups worked well together in a pro-social manner. However, Woods encourages conscious examination of an educators own attitudes, especially when the may cause subconscious actions and opinions to form (Woods, 1996). Should the two parameters of gender and ethnicity become constraints, then they are not valid means of group construction. Sometimes is appeared that not all group members contribute in their cooperative learning. However, research has shown that even those who do not appear to be so communicative do benefit to a degree from the listening and processing that this format provides. It may be that they are better at working individually and as such should have the opportunity to do so. The teacher used elements of the 3 P’s approach presentation, practise, production. However, as the lesson transcript shows, the language was expanded in what became more of a Harmer-style engage – study – activate method. I would like to list the implications for my own teaching under the following points: Use a wide range of teaching strategies and styles to ensure comprehension eg support spoken material with writing on the white board, leave the transparency up on the overhead projector, bring in concrete materials, provide visual clues, model your required responses, â€Å"set short, realistic goals and review and recycle often.† (Antonaros, 2005 ), role play, use song. Use methods according to the area you wish to cover, the materials you have prepared and present concisely and precisely. If the area is suited best to direct instruction then use it, if student-centred instruction or co-operative groups then vary accordingly. Motivation and interest are paramount, but sound understanding is the goal. Prepare your materials so that they are interesting, real, relevant, encourage thinking whilst supporting language development. Take an action research approach to (for example Wright’s, 1987, 2005) to develop a thorough understanding of my students learning and cognitive styles and my own attitudes. Use active listening to understand, modelling to improve and discussion to encourage communication Use teacher modelling strategies to develop the student’s autonomous language learning skills as exemplified by Lowes and Target (1998) in Helping Students to Learn. Providing a positive learning environment where mistakes are not derided Assign homework that re-caps and therefore re-enforces the issues covered in the lesson. Ensure equity in communication – make sure everyone has a chance to speak. â€Å"Every teacher who has taught a group of grown-ups knows that some individuals may be reluctant to speak, especially when they realize or assume that other students are more fluent.† (Turula, 2002) References Allwright, D. Bailey, K. (1991). Focus on the Language Classroom. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Antonaros, S. (no date) Looking Inside and Out for the Answer to Motivating Our Learners http://www.tesolgreece.com/nl/75/7505.html) Accessed 7th February 2006 Davidoff, S., Van Den Berg, O. (1990) Changing Your Teaching. The challenge of the classroom. Pietermaritzburg: Centaur Publications Gardner, H. (1983) Frames of Mind. New York: Basic Books, Harmer, J (1998) How to Teach English. Harlow, UK: Longman Hismanoglu, M. (2000) ‘Language Learning Strategies in Foreign Language Learning and Teaching’, The Internet TESL Journal, Vol. VI, No. 8, August 2000 Knowles, L (1982) Teaching and Reading. London, UK: National Council on Industrial Language Training. Krause, K., Bochner, S., Duchesne, S. (2003) Educational Psychology for learning and teaching. Southbank, Victoria: Thomson. Kubes, M (1998) Adaptors and innovators in Slovakia: Cognitive style and social culture. European Journal of Personality, 12(3), pp.187-198 Ladson-Billings, G. (1995). But thats just good teaching! The case for culturally relevant pedagogy. Theory into Practice, 34(3), 159-165. Lowes, R. Target, F. (1998). Helping Students to Learn. London: Richmond. Malamah-Thomas, A. (987). Classroom Interaction. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Nunan, D., Lamb, C. (1996). The Self-Directed Teacher. Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press. Oxford, R. (1990). Language Learning Strategies: What Every Teacher Should Know. New York, USA: Newbury House Publishers. Richards, J.C., Lockhart, C.L. (1994). Reflective Teaching in Second Language Classrooms. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Richards, J.C. Nunan, D. (eds.). Second Language Teacher Education. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Turula, A (2002) Language Anxiety and Classroom Dynamics: A Study of Adult Learners. Forum English Teaching Online, US Dept of State, Vol. 40 (2). http://exchanges.state.gov/forum/vols/vol40/no2/p28.htm#top Wilson, L (1998). Whats the big attraction? Why teachers are drawn to using Multiple Intelligence Theory in their classrooms? http://www.newhorizons.org/strategies/mi/wilson1.htm Accessed 7 February 2006 Woods, D. (1996) Teacher Cognition in Language Education. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press Wright, T. (1987). Classroom Management in Language Education. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan Wright, T. (1987). Roles of Teachers and Learners. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Zhenhui, R. (2001) ‘Matching Teaching Styles with Learning Styles in East Asian Contexts’, The Internet TESL Journal, Vol. VII, No. 7, July 2001 Websites Matching teaching styles: http://iteslj.org/Techniques/Zhenhui-TeachingStyles.html accessed 3 February 2006. Language Learning Strategies: http://iteslj.org/Articles/Hismanoglu-Strategies.html accessed 3 February 2006 Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs, Huitt, 2004, http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/regsys/maslow.html. Accessed 7 February 2006 Language Teaching http://www.ittmfl.org.uk/modules/effective/6a/paper6a4.pdf accessed 5 February 2006 [ej1]Where exactly, or does this remain hypothetical? [ej2]Need to verify and add number [ej3]Need to verify and add number

Recognise and Immediate Action to Deal with Any Bullying, Harassment or Oppressive Behaviour According to Thepolicies and Procedures of the Setting

Unit 334 Support Children and Young People’s Health and Safety Task 2 After looking at my schools health and safety policy the school makes reference’s to current legislation and complies with Leicester city council legislation. To show that we understand the health and safety policy and that we will comply with it we have to sign a document. So if we use a chair instead of a ladder to put up a display and fall off the chair and hurt yourself you can’t sue the school or HCC. Task 3 Case Study 1 This would be a good place to visit as some of the children have never been but there are concerns about health and safety and the risk of being in a big open space but to minimise the risk a risk assessment will be done. This will identify the hazards and the control measures to reduce the risk. You would discuss this as a year group to ensure that all staff understand their roles on the trip. A letter will be sent home with the children in your year group to get parental consent if the school doesn’t have a parent signature the child will not be allowed to go on the trip. This letter also has all the information the parents will need to know like places they will be visiting e. g. a museum, butterfly gardens. Also in the letter it will have information such as 1. date the trip will take place 2. What clothing and shoes the children will need to wear. 3. Arrangement for packed lunch and free school meals and what drinks are suitable to take 4. The cost of the trip if any 5. When the trip will return back to school. They will be a slip at the bottom of the letter to return back to the school. For all staff and governors going on the trip they will be given a timetable with what will be happen during the day at set times and where to meet. This will also have the focus of the day. There will be a group list with the timetable which has the name of all staff that are going on the trip and the children they will be looking after and any one on one requirement’s. In the school office there are two lists, one which has all staff and governors going on the trip, there contact details, there emergency contact details, and the other list has all the children going on the trip and there emergency contact details. The school uses a ratio of 1:6 in years 1 &2 and a ratio of 1. 4 in year R against the national recommendation of 1. 8 for an infant school on a trip. All children are given name tags to wear with the schools details just in case they get lost or separated from their group with their names are facing down. Before going on the trip the children are talk to about stranger danger this not done intrusive with the children there are told never to lose sight the adult in there group so their will not need to talk to strangers when on the trip. This is done couple of times during the week as a class and in small groups. Case study 2 Amiria should say to the group of children let’s let the men get on with their work and engage them in an activity away from the fence, if there is enough space, if not she should take them inside. Because she doesn’t know if the men are CRB checked and following the schools child protection policy. Within my work place I support a child with physical needs so I have to be aware of where he is and what he is doing and point out potential risks to make him aware, such as walking across a classroom with toys in his path. In this case I stopped him and asked why that route was not a safe way to walk, I then discussed what could happen and together we chose a safer way to cross the room.

Re-Entry and Its Effects: Institutional and Post Release Essay

Abstract Reentry is a challenge many offenders face once they are incarcerated and released into society. The term â€Å"reentry’† is a synonym for return and is defined as the act of going back to a prior place, location, situation or setting. Prison re-entry refers to the transition of offenders from prisons or jails back into the community. The concept of life in society is an important part of any reintegration of institutionalized people, including people who have been incarcerated for committing a crime. The institutionalization of a population leads to isolation, segregation and detachment of the elements of a company defining the basis of citizenship. Although individuals often returning to the community focus more on the choice of where they dwell, their long-term success in society is more likely to be dependent on the social roles they have chosen to play, to the extent that they will engage in the community and they have been prepared for this purpose during their incarceration or institutionalization. Reentry can help reduce recidivism as well as assist those who have been previously incarcerated to begin leading law abiding lives once released into society. However, overtime the importance of prisoner reentry has been drastically lowered with less emphasis on helping those to prepare for their release and with post release community integration. As a result, the shortage of reentry programs and limited responsibility of probation or parole to assist in re-entry; the rate at which people return to prison or jail is high. Keywords: reentry, recidivism, institutionalization Re-Entry and Its Effects: Institutional and Post Release Those who are incarcerated do not only serve time inside their prison cell, they also serve time once they are released. There are many barriers that one faces once they are released such as they are denied the right to vote,  access to public assistance, ineligible for food stamps and/or subsidized housing, and some cannot even apply for financial aid. The main problem revolving around those returning home from incarceration is the limited access to rehabilitation and assistance. The Second Chance Act of 2007 was passed on April 9, 2008 and became Public Law 110-199. The Second Chance Act provides a second chance to those reentering society from incarceration. It helps people released from prison turn their lives around and encourages employers to give returning citizens a second chance to contribute to the greater good of the local economy. In this paper I would like to I would like to point out the positive effects of successful reentry and its ability to lower recidivism. I will also discuss the Second Chance Act in further detail, which was created to provide funding for reentry programs. I will further discuss the roles of Probation and Parole and propose how their roles can be shifted to enhance successful community reintegration. I will finally explain how American values and ideologies play a significant role in resolving the issues behind reentry and the obstacles that prisoners are facing through their difficult journey to successful reintegration. Literature Review What is reentry and why is it important to society? Reentry is the process by which one is incarcerated, finishes his or her sentence and is released into society. They are either released because their sentence has been fulfilled, or on parole or probation. If reentry is unsuccessful, the prisoner will usually return to prison, this action is defined as recidivism. Recidivism can be determined by the number of prisoners being released from incarceration into society and then returning to prison. Recidivism is usually identified through arrest, reconviction, or incarceration of those who have reentered society. When released from prison, inmates who enter society are a very unstable group. Hence the reason for the problem of the reentry process as well as its programs. According to Taxman, Young and Byrne the reentry programs should include three or more phases designed to transition the inmate into the community. The first phase would begin in the institution with service delivery congruent with the inmate’s needs. The second phase would begin as the inmate is released from the institution. The inmate’s risks and needs may change significantly as he or she enters the community context. Ideally, the individual would continue in treatment services and case plans would be updated as needed. The final phase is an aftercare or relapse prevention phase where clients would receive ongoing support and services to address their needs (Taxman et al. 2003) The problem with reentry begins with the Corrections part of our Criminal Justice System. While inmates are incarcerated they receive treatment for any health issues as well as various programs to help them upon release. However, the problem with the programs is that they are not being reassessed to determine whether or not they had an impact on the offenders’ risk of future criminal behavior. This process should begin once the offender returns into the community and also while they are under supervision. The results of the reassessment should then guide any changes within the offenders’ treatment plan as well as determine the effectiveness of the programs for future inmates or offenders’. The Second Chance Act of 2007 was created to reauthorize the grant program for reentry of offenders into the community in the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968. It was created to improve reentry planning and implementation and for other purposes as well. The act was introduced on March 20, 2007 by House Congressional representative, Danny Davis of Illinois. The act further had ninety-two (92) co-sponsors and was simultaneously introduced in the Senate by Joseph Biden of Delaware. After a little over a year in the House and the Senate, the Second Chance Act of 2007 was finally signed into law on April 9, 2008 by President Bush as Public Law No. 110-199. There are several purposes for the creation of this act. The act was created to break the cycle of criminal recidivism, increase public safety and to better address the growing population of criminal offenders returning to society. It was also created to rebuild the ties between offenders and their families which will in turn promote stable families. The Second Chance Act will further expand the availability of substance abuse facilities, alternatives to incarceration and comprehensive reentry services. The Second Chance Act of 2007 will further protect the public and promote law-abiding conduct by providing the necessary services to offenders while  they are incarcerated and after they reenter the community. It will finally provide offenders in prison, jails, or juvenile facilities with educational, vocational, literacy and job placement services to facilitate a more effective and productive reentry. The Second Chance Act of 2007 highlights all the main areas where reentry is currently lacking. It will create a healthy environment, allowing the prisoner to have a chance at successful reentry. It will also reauthorize adult and juvenile offender state and local reentry projects as well as improve residential substance abuse treatment for state offenders. The Second Chance Act of 2007 will offer several new reentry initiatives. It will create state, local and tribal reentry courts. Further, it will create drug treatment alternatives to prison, and offer grants for family-based substance abuse treatment. It will further provide grants to evaluate and improve education at prisons, jails, and juvenile facilities and technology career training. This will break down the long standing barriers to successful reentry. The act will further provide the much needed steps to assure public safety and recovery. Some were skeptical to pass the Second Chance Act because they stated that not enough research has been done on what works with reentry. In response, Representative Jones of Ohio stated, â€Å"We can’t study anymore. We have studied. There are all kinds of studies that have shown that community reentry works. There are all kinds of programs that say diversion works. And there are a lot of young people out here who don’t have a mother or father that is a judge or prosecutor or congresswoman or a state representative to call and say I am a good person. They need us to say in the world that young people, older people, whatever their age, who have been involved in the criminal justice system, paid their dues. They need a chance and we ought to give them the second chance† (Congressional Record, 2007). Ones views of criminal justice come from their values and ideologies. Although America can be seen as a very lenient country as far as their values, people do have very strong feelings towards crime, criminals and prisoner reentry. American values include work ethic, personal responsibility, family, individual equality and the goodness of humanity.  Americans see themselves as individuals who are different from all other individuals. They consider themselves as separate individuals who are responsible for their own actions and situations in life (Key American Values). Americans further believe that everyone is of equal value. Americans assume that human nature is basically good and that those who have motivation can achieve any goal set. Finally, Americans have a strong value with regards to work. They admire those who work hard and achieve. A hard worker is one who â€Å"gets right to work† on a task without delay, works efficiently, and completes the task in a way that meets reasonably high standards of quality (Key American Values). Although there are many perspectives that involve criminal justice, the main values of the American society revolve around the issues of reentry. People believe that individuals must be held responsible for their actions. Many individuals believe that there is no way anyone could repay their debt to society after committing a crime. They further feel that those who have been incarcerated have an option to live good lives and achieve their goals but instead choose the easy way out. It is unfortunate that many Americans do not see the realities of society and the realities of the environments that many of the offenders returning home from prison came from and unfortunately will probably be returning to. There are two main ideologies in America; conservatives and liberals. Conservatives believe in personal responsibility, limited government, free markets, individual liberty, traditional American values and a strong national defense. Liberals believe in governmental action to achieve equal opportunity and equality for all, and that it is the duty of the State to alleviate social ills and to protect civil liberties and individual and human rights (Conservatives vs. Liberal Beliefs, 2013). Although Conservatives and Liberals differ immensely, there are those people who are on the borderline of both ideologies. Many Americans hold a prejudice against criminals based on their label. However, regardless of a persons’ values or ideologies, America’s view on criminal justice has shifted over the years. The shift has almost created the mind set of many Americans. The belief that punishment is necessary and that the only way that punishment  can be achieved is through incarceration. Analysis The roles of Probation and Parole are to supervise the offenders once released into society. Probation and parole was designed as an alternative to prison overcrowding. It was merely based on the idea that people can change and will stop their frequent, dysfunctional behavior if given the correct opportunity. This ability to change in conjunction with community safety, allow appropriate offenders to be monitored while showing that they can be productive members of society. Probation and parole officers’ roles in regards to reentry are to assist, supervise and ensure that this does occur with each offender. In most cases they help offenders find housing, jobs, as well as provide structure and support for rehabilitation. While doing so, they are to protect communities by monitoring each offender through meetings, random home and work visits, and sometimes using a global positioning system also knows as a GPS device which tracks an offenders every move. All of the information they obtain regarding each offender, especially any violation of probation, is reported to the courts to then decide whether or not to revoke probation and send the offender to prison. Recommendations Based on my research of the proposed topic of prison reentry, I personally believe there are several ways we could improve the process as well as our programs. First I think we should evaluate and reassess what is working and what is not working. Prisoners who are receiving treatment should continue their treatment even after they are released into society. The programs that are administered to inmates while incarcerated should be reevaluated so we can determine if they really are effective. Based on my research, it seems as if we offer programs to the inmates while incarcerated but once released into society they pretty much on their own. We leave it up to them to make the transition from jail or prison to society. We should be with them every step of the way and offer more assistance for them to rebuild their lives. This is part of the reason why the revolving door exist with some inmates. The help and encouragement should begin while incarcerated. Then once released into society through probation or parole, it’s up to those officers to assist the offender in rebuilding their life. They should  spend time actually getting to know the offender, communicating with the regularly, help them find a job and a place to call their own. Conclusion The federal government recognized and acknowledged the problem of reentry due to efforts such as the Second Chance Act of 2007. This act aided in the implementation of several programs and foundations that would assist in reentry. Hopefully, over a period of time data and research will be collected to evaluate the effectiveness of each program. This data should start once the offender enters the program while incarcerated until they are released into society and under supervision. This data will then allow the country as a whole to develop a successful model to be used in aiding the difficult transition from incarceration to society. Many of those who are currently incarcerated are young, non-violent, first time offenders who make stupid mistakes and deserve a second chance. As stated within this paper, there are various reasons why prison reentry is important to our criminal justice system as well as society. It’s up to us to acknowledge this ongoing problem and do what it takes reduce recidivism and do what it takes to prepare inmates before they are released into society. As stated by Representative Norton from the District of Columbia, â€Å"inmates are now coming home, let’s not make it any worse than it was in condemning them disproportionately under the cocaine guidelines. We owe it to their communities to help them return and become good citizens† (Congressional Record, 2007). References Visher, Christy A. and Jeremy Travis. (2003) Transitions from Prison to Community: Understanding Individual Pathways. Annual Review Sociology. Vol. 29, 2003, pp. 89-113. Harrison, Byron and Robert Carl Schehr. (2004). Offenders and Post Release Jobs: Variables Influencing Success and Failure. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2004, pp. 35-68 Key American Values. 1994-1995. Retrieved from online on April 2014 http://www.umsl.edu/~intelstu/Admitted%20Students/Visitor%20Handbook/keyvalues.html Congressional Record – House, (2007) Retrieved from online on April 2014 http://beta.congress.gov/congressional-record/2007/11/13/house-section/articl

The Age Of Enlightenment And The Scientific Revolution

Over the years, the society and the world evolved giving rise to the establishment of new social norms and scientific advances. Although the industrial revolution and the scientific revolution represented a giant leap forward in human development, the Age of Enlightenment delivered the greatest influence for the future American society and planted the way for cultural and humanistic enrichment. The Age of the Enlightenment raised new concepts in education, democracy, and human freedom. The new humanistic philosophy promoted the polish of the human intelligence and made education a longing that lasted in the following centuries. Names like John Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, and many more, contributed with their ideas about reasoning, religious tolerance, and human equality to the formation of human beings with a wide intellectual capacity that would participate in the future democratic processes in a rational and responsibly manner. At the end of the seventeenth century a movement that renewed the education, philosophy, and scientific research swept through Europe. The new movement was called â€Å"The Enlightenment†. The writers of this period were convinced that they emerged from centuries of darkness and ignorance into a new age enlightened by reason, science and respect for humanity. The most important figures of this movement were the social reformers who with their contributions changed the course of history and served as inspiration for many of theShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of The Scientific Revolution And The Age Of Enlightenment1117 Words   |  5 Pageschange that would impact Europe as well as the rest of the world for years to come. The scientific revolution and the Age of Enlightenment were times of infinite ideas, perhaps the most important one being that everything in the universe could be explained rationally. 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Many might argue that the Enlightenment really did not bring any real change, however, there exists and overwhelming amount of facts which prove, without question, that the spirit of the Enlightenment was one of change-specifically change

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The Pressure in Todays High Schools - 1557 Words

â€Å"Education is not the filling of a vessel, but the kindling of a flame.† –Socrates (Secret). Unfortunately, many school systems, today, are not following Socrates’ advice. Many teachers have forgotten what learning is all about, and as students mindlessly memorize facts and figures, the only flame being kindled is their burning hatred towards school. Students stress about grades and believe that their self-worth is defined by their GPA. As they struggle under never-ending piles of homework and standardized tests, there is little time for students to worry about sports, family, health, rest, or even learning. The unnecessary pressure that today’s high school students suffer from has a huge effect on social lives, mental stability, and†¦show more content†¦Natalie Wolchover of Live Science backs this up by saying that countries where students do more homework tend to have lower scores on PISA tests (Program for International Student Assessment) . David Baker and Gerald LeTendre, professors at Penn State University, discovered that countries such as Japan that received high scores on international standardized tests do not have very much homework, and less successful countries such as Greece and Iran tend to give a lot of homework to students. In Finland, a country that received great scores on these tests, students usually receive an average of about 30 minutes of homework each night (Hancock). The scores proved that homework does not improve standardized test scores. While homework creates a lot of stress for students, pressure to do well on standardized tests may cause even more anxiety. According to an article about student-achievement testing, students don’t want to let down their parents or teachers, and they have lot of pressure to do well on these tests. Unfortunately, they don’t always handle this pressure very well. Sometimes this stress can lead to cheating on the tests. Often, bad scores on the sta ndardized tests will cause students to be discouraged and quit trying in school (Student). Any student can face these problems, but according to research done by the University of Connecticut,Show MoreRelatedWhat Are Your Plans For Next Year?1398 Words   |  6 Pagesare you applying for school?† â€Å"What do you want to do with your life?† These are the kind of daunting and overwhelming questions young people are bombarded with on a daily basis. These type of questions are not just quick one worded answers with not much meaning that a high school students can think up quickly. These kind of questions require a lot of thinking and reflecting on the student because it is regarding the rest of their life and how it is going to be spent. In today’s society it is expectedRead MoreWhy Cheating Is Becoming More Prevalent Of Today s Education System888 Words   |  4 PagesSitting in class as a freshman in high school, Jonny looks around during his test as the teach er stepped out of the room. He hears the loud whispering voices of his peers discussing the unknown answers. Thinking to himself he contemplates asking his friends for answers. He assumes it is acceptable because everyone around him is doing it, so he decided to take part in the discussion. When the teacher returns everyone is silent. No one was caught and no one is going to get into trouble. The schemeRead MoreHealth Risks And Health Risk Factors1008 Words   |  5 Pages Health has many factors. There are good factors such as eating right, exercising, and others. Health risk factors are tobacco use, physical inactivity, poor diet, high blood pressure, and high stress level. These are very serious and not being treated could lead to a more serious problem. 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Photo Credit Highwaystarz-Photography/iStock/GettyRead MoreSports Athletes Should Not Be Banned993 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s world, sports have become more and more about winning than the game itself. Success within sports not only comes with status, but popularity and fame as well. The want and need to succeed in athletics has driven great athletes to take illegal measures to give themselves an edge over their competition. Performance enhancing drugs such as anabolic steroids, androstenedione, and ephedra alkaloids are all used by athletes to take the shortcut to success and bypass all the hard work that successRead MoreTodays Education Has Changed Over Time1077 Words   |  5 Pagesparenting skills. Children were allowed to be carefree, unlike in the present day generations. Today’s generations have adult problems caused by poor or lack of parenting and therefore their behavior reflect this. The poor behavior of today’s generations has affected their ed ucation. The poor behavior of one student affects the whole class. Mrs. Lawrence stated, â€Å"Student behavior was much better when I attended school than the behaviors I see in students present day.’’ When asking Mrs. Lawrence why she feltRead MoreEmerson and His Impact on Todays Society902 Words   |  4 Pagesof your own mind.† Emerson is a firm believer of maintaining self-reliance and values rather than following the crowd. He also explains that in order to be truly successful in life, a person must make decisions and trust in his or her judgment. In today’s society, teenagers are more likely to not be self-reliant because the teens feel they will be judged for having different beliefs. People today need to realize that they should not conform to be like the rest of the world, they must not depend onRead MorePeer Pressure Essay693 Words   |  3 Pagesclear point of view on a specific contemporary issue and argue how it has and will continue to ha ve an impact on your generation. Peer Pressure. 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McDonalds Top Five Critical Success Factors Essay Example For Students

McDonalds Top Five Critical Success Factors Essay Executive Summary This study will put out the importance of McDonald ‘s top five critical success factors which has made the company this successful. First, the history and background of the company will be established to acquire the temper and feel of the eating house, this will include the placement of the company within the market every bit good. Second, the critical success factors of the company will be elaborated in this subdivision. Third, the study would give illustrations of the ruins of McDonald ‘s every bit good, as every merchandise and company has it ‘s worsening phase, and how it overcame the state of affairs. And in conclusion, penetrations and decisions will be stated to give a broader sense of the importance to why it is of import to discourse about such company. Introduction to McDonald ‘s McDonald ‘s has become a broad spreaded company in the universe today. It would be interesting to look into the factors to what made the company so successful. However, before traveling into inside informations of any penetrations and findings, we must foremost set up understanding from the background and histories of the company foremost. McDonald ‘s Background It is likely safe to state that McDonald ‘s being and enlargements has been one of the outstanding events in revolutionising the feeding wonts and life styles of people globally. Located in 119 states world-wide, it is estimated that more than 46 million people dine at one of the 31,000 mercantile establishments mundane. ( thirty ) While 9,000 of the locales are owned and operated by the corporation itself, others are managed by franchisees or affiliates. ( thirty ) McDonald ‘s History Originally, the McDonald ‘s concern was started by two brothers, Dick and Mac McDonald ‘s in 1940. At that clip, the eating house in California was utilizing eight of Ray Kroc ‘s Multimixer milk shake machines. Curious about the acquisitions to his great gross revenues success of his Multimixers to the McDonald ‘s company, Ray Kroc decided to happen out more inside informations of the eating house. During the clip of Kroc ‘s visit, he witnessed the eating house at its peep. Families were much attracted to the construct of the eating house, for it was a simple self-served, streamlined operation that had a simple bill of fare of beefburgers, cheeseburgers, French french friess, shingles, soft drinks, and apple pie. ( thirty ) The most attractive facet of the eating house had to make with the worker ‘s efficiency degree, because each worker ‘s stairss were formatted in such a manner that resembled the assembly line, it allowed the nest eggs in readying clip which straight related with the increasing in volume, finally ensuing the eating house to take down the monetary value of a beefburger from 30 cents to 15 cents. ( thirty ) A clear monetary value competitory advantage over its rivals at that clip. With the success of McDonald ‘s in 1954, Ray Kroc foresaw bigger and better possible growings for the company by agencies of franchising the name out. Indifferent and unbothered by the program, the brothers allowed Kroc to acquire on the mission by himself utilizing their eating house ‘s name. ( thirty ) McDonald ‘s first advertisement run â€Å" Look for the Golden Arches, † made its manner in 1960 with great accomplishment. In that twelvemonth, McDonald ‘s became larger and larger, which could be linked to the huge growing of U.S. car industry that came with suburbanization. ( thirty ) The undermentioned twelvemonth, Kroc decided to ship the journey entirely with the McDonald brothers, he bought out the eating house for $ 2.7 million USD and made it a mission to do McDonald ‘s â€Å" the figure one fast-food concatenation in the state. † ( xxx ) McDonald ‘s astonishing growing continued in 1970. Fast service was ever preferred by the Americans and McDonalds was fastest at its service. By 1972 it crossed the net income border of 1 billion in one-year gross revenues and by 1976 McDonalds sold every bit much as 20 billion beefburgers for which the gross revenues exceeded $ 3 billion. It broke new land in breakfast by presenting Egg Muffin in 1973 when market research point out that speedy breakfast would be preferred. And 5 old ages subsequently it introduced a full breakfast bill of fare and by 1987 maximal breakfasts of USA were ordered from McDonalds By 1970, McDonald ‘s had eating houses in all 50 provinces and a few in Canada and the Caribbean. Foreign operations exploded during the 70 ‘s and 80 ‘s, as the company expanded into Asia, Australia, South America and Europe. Kroc counted on the expertness of local companies to assist them adapt McDonald ‘s nutrient and service to other lands. Merely within the first 30 old ages after the constitution of the company, McDonald ‘s dominated the domestic market with more than 10,000 eating houses throughout the provinces of USA. In 1980, approximately 28 % of new McDonald ‘s eating houses were opened outside the United States market boundary lines, this figure increased to 40 % in 1986 and went up to about 60 % in 1990. In 2000, McDonald ‘s collected about 21 billion dollars from 28,707 eating houses located in the external market, made up for 53 % of entire gross of 40 billion. Harmonizing to statistics in 2000, with each 25,000 American, there was a McDonald ‘s eating house, this rate made the rivals in the fast-food industry admire and enviousness. By 1992 about 40 per centum of the company ‘s gross revenues came from abroad. Today, McDonald ‘s has more than 31,000 ironss across 119 states around the Earth. In 2007, McDonald ‘s served more than 16 billion clients, tantamount to one tiffin and one dinner for everyone on the universe. With grosss of 4 billion worldwide, McDonald ‘s became the largest supplier company of nutrient worldwide. ( DAVID ) McDonald ‘s Position in the Market The simple yet profound construct in which is still being used today was established in the early developmental phases of the new franchised mercantile establishments of McDonald ‘s, under Ray Kroc ‘s supervising, which is: Quality, Service, Cleaning and Value. This standard process was enforced in order to obtain maximal quality and criterions. ( thirty ) Unsurprisingly, their vision and mission statements of the company followed such statement. The Vision: â€Å" McDonald ‘s vision is to be the universe ‘s best speedy service eating house experience. Bing the best agencies supplying outstanding quality, service, cleanliness, and value, so that we make every client in every eating house smiling. † ( xxx ) The Mission: â€Å" Be the best employer for our people in each community around the universe Deliver operational excellence to our clients in each of our eating houses ; and Achieve digesting profitable growing by spread outing the trade name and leverage. † ( xxx ) Even though the earlier phases of McDonald ‘s attracted more households than it did other classs, presents, McDonald ‘s has made it clear that it places itself to aim and cater people of all backgrounds. Suitable for people of assorted demands and wants ; from households to immature kids, to people who love to bask life to people who are on the spell, and meat lovers to vegetarians, virtually anybody and everybody can happen something on the bill of fare for themselves. Critical Success Factors for McDonald ‘s Aggressive Business Goal â€Å" Hello, I ‘m the new McDonald ‘s supervisor. . .We ‘re traveling to run you out of concern † was infamously said by Ralph Lanphar to a rival near by. Although this stating might come out as aggressive and ill-mannered, looking at it from a different position, it could really much be a manifestation of pride and the avidity to turn bigger and stronger. From this statement, it is apparent that McDonald ‘s was committed to construct the strongest superior operation house. This pride and avidity has been carried on until today. All staff, employees and top direction have been engrained in their early phases of preparation to love the company, to understand that there are benefits for them and that together McDonald ‘s and they can turn together. They should take pride in the success. Even to this twenty-four hours and age, the mission to transfuse trueness to the company could be seen today. Charlie Bell, McDonald ‘s CEO in 2004, used to state that the people at McDonald ‘s people must be â€Å" proud of where we work, proud of what we do, proud to have on the McDonald ‘s pin, proud of our nutrient offerings, proud to eat our nutrient offerings and proud to be portion of McDonald ‘s. † Traveling back to the point where McDonald ‘s has a strong and aggressive concern program, McDonald ‘s programs to do everybody in the universe know McDonald ‘s ( from the picture ) Uncompromising Standards One of the most influential factors that made the initial set of McDonald ‘s possible would hold to be credited to the eating house ‘s utmost committedness to their aimed criterions of consistence and their slogan of â€Å" Quality, Service, Cleanliness and Value. † In which both were created by Kroc himself. Even clients knew that no affair where they travelled, they could trust on those qualities at every McDonald ‘s they visted. Tom Peters said â€Å" maintaining it simple in amdist of the turning complexness. Uniformity. † ( from the picture ) Consistency In 1955, Kroc incorporated his company as McDonald ‘s corporation and opened his first really ain eating house in Illinois. Puting his concern over the consistence and uniformity from shop to hive away, he decided to set up strong eating houses first before franchising them out. ( thirty ) Privations McDonald ‘s to be a multi local and non a multi national corporation. ( from the picture ) QSCV For illustration, cleanliness is one characteristic of the McDonald ‘s corporate system that needs no account ; clean lavatories are universally appreciated. McDonald ‘s is widely credited with get downing a revolution of lifting outlooks among East Asiatic consumers who had ne’er experienced high criterions of public hygiene in the catering trade. In Taipei, Beijing, Seoul, and Hong Kong, local restauranter had to fit this new criterion or watch their clients travel elsewhere. Young people began to pull an equation between the status of a eating house ‘s lavatory and the province of its kitchen. Willingness to Adapt McDonald ‘s success is dependent on accommodating to its consumers demands and demands McDonald ‘s franchise concern has non merely survived but thrived through roar times and recessions and has successfully reacted to consumer tendencies. It was one of Thursday foremost franchise eating houses to post nutritionary information about its bill of fare, and now offers salads and other healthy options in recent old ages. Besides, the key to McDonald ‘s worldwide success is that people everyplace know what to anticipate when they pass through the aureate arches. This does non, nevertheless, mean that the corporation has resisted alteration or refused to accommodate when local imposts require flexibleness. In Israel, after initial protests, Big Macs are now served without cheese in several mercantile establishments, thereby allowing the separation of meat and dairy merchandises required of Kosher eating houses. Similarly, McDonald ‘s eating houses in India serve vegetable McNuggets and a mouton based Maharaja Mac. Inventions that are necessary in a state where Hindus make non eat beef, Muslims do non eat porc. In Malaysia and Singapore, McDonald ‘s underwent strict reviews by Muslim churchmans to guarantee ritual cleanliness ; the concatenation was rewarded with a Halal certification, bespeaking the entire absence of porc merchandises ( Watson, 1997 ) Art And Philosophy EssayGiving Back to the Community Kroc became highly affluent following McDonald ‘s recruitment in the stock market in 1965. . Kroc believed in giving â€Å" something back to the community where you make your concern This utmost wealth did non remain with him entirely, he decided that he would wish to portion his wealth amongst others excessively. The Kroc foundation, which supports researches on diabetes, arthritis and multiple induration, is a testimony of that. Other wealth sharing chances known was that he gave 8 million USD to some of his top employees. Over the old ages, the corporation besides donated nutrient and money to many charities, and the company encouraged local franchisees to acquire involved in their communities. The best known charitable attempt is the Ronald McDonald house, which is located near infirmaries where households can remain for free while their kids receive medical intervention. â€Å". In 1974 McDonald ‘s first opened the Ronald McDonald ‘s house in Philadelphia therefore following Kroc ‘s doctrine to supply the place off from place for the households of kids in nearby infirmary followed by 100 similar McDonald houses all over US after 12 year Kroc makes it a mission to give back to the people, as it reflects on the consideration and serves as a â€Å" thank you † to those who have ever been back uping McDonald ‘s. Confronting Hardships and Overcoming Them In Feb 2006, McDonald ‘s stock traded at 27 times gaining. However, merely one twelvemonth afterwards, McDonald ‘s 2nd one-fourth net income growing was merely 4 % with a 2 % diminution in net incomes from the US concerns. In 2002, after McDonald ‘s stocks have been worsening for three old ages, the board of managers replaced Jack Greenburg with Jim Cantalupo as CEO. Mcdonald ‘s gross revenues were in diminution, market portion was shriveling, franchisees were frustrated, employee morale was low, and client satisfaction was even lower. On the plus side, McDonald ‘s had one great plus: Peoples recalled their happy experiences at McDonald ‘s as a kid. The job was that the bulk of consumers did non hold recent fond experiences. Now, looking back into the unfortunate event, we can see that there were three countries to where McDonald ‘s has neglected. Which were, the eating house lacked, redevelopment, invention and selling ( thirty ) When the image of the trade name was worsening, alternatively of puting in trade name experience redevelopments and inventions, McDonald ‘s focussed simply on monthly publicities. Wholly pretermiting the agency of trade name edifice. The aforesaid three rudimentss guidelines to profitable growing were erroneously seen as to put concentrate on more cost decrease methods, alternatively of decently pull offing quality growing of the top line. For illustration, the teeny beany babe publicity in the US had kidss dragging parents in for the playthings while fliping the nutrient into rubbish bins. But, this had the unintended effect of reenforcing the image of happy repasts as a plaything with nutrient as an incidental fond regard instead than as a great tasting nutrient with a plaything publicity attached. With a diminution in nutrient quality, hapless service, etc. It was non surprising that opportunitic monthly publicities became the dominant selling focal point. Happy repasts had become a publicity of a desirable plaything, instead than a publicity for desirable nutrient. This is non a manner to construct an enduring trade name. Overemphasis on the trade instead than the trade name consequences in clients going trade loyal instead than trade name loyal. For trade names to populate everlastingly, they must be loved everlastingly. McDonald ‘s leading fell out of love with the McDonald ‘s trade name, and consumer s franchisees, employees and the fiscal community besides fell out of love with the McDonald ‘s trade name. However, fortuitously, Denis Hennequin has brought alterations and redesigned insides for McDonald are giving it a heater, more eco-friendly expression. This brought in more clients, as the new expression generated a fresher image to McDonald ‘s in Europe. Besides, Charlie Bell ‘s thought of McCafe to offer choice java, tea and pastries in a quieter, more attractive atmostphere besides made McDonald ‘s competitory with the other fastfood articulations, as it offered more than merely Burgers and french friess, it offered java in which many eating houses were non able to give the clients such assortment. Penetrations to Other Critical Success Factors Now that McDonald ‘s critical success factors and how it dealt with adversities is established, we can now clearly see that there are some indispensable parts that must ever be integral in order to prolong a concern. In contrary to many beliefs, although McDonald ‘s is regarded as a fast nutrient eating house, the net income made from the goods sold within the eating house is non really what keeps McDonald ‘s rich. It is really the existent estate concern that is making it. Even in Fortune Magazine they said that McDonald ‘s is considered as the â€Å" largest estate in the universe † ( from the picture ) . It earns grosss as investor in belongingss, a franchiser of eating houses and an operator of eating houses. Most of the income was coming from 1.9 % of service revenue enhancement from the franchisee. Initially the franchisee fee was merely $ 950 which is presently approx $ 45000. McDonald ‘s started averaging an one-year sale of $ 200000 in the early 1950 merely which shows how people started wishing the nutrient and service of it. $ 1000 went as a royalty to the McDonalds brother and therefore the mean franchisee was doing an operating net income of $ 40000.Its now doing a net income of 1 billion on system broad gross revenues. It was the existent estate concern which converted McDonalds into a existent money machine. The existent estate investing scheme is the most of import ground why McDonalds boasts a program that is non near to being equalled in the nutrient service concern. Mr Sonnerborn the top fiscal officer ne’er tried to follow the Kroc-Turner operating system which is the ground why McDonalds is what now. He came up with an thought of money doing on existent estate that Mc Donald ‘s would rent to its franchisees. He started implementing this program of doing McDonalds a separate existent estate company which would turn up and rent eating houses sites from land proprietors which would besides be leased to the company. He besides had this thought which helped for its major success is that it sold nutrient equipment and nutrient supplies to licensees bear downing a lower limit of $ 840 per month with involvement. In add-on to franchisee fees and selling fees McDonalds collect rent calculated as a per centum of gross revenues. The articulation has made a good net income per centum even in the recession doing a net income of 23million dollar after revenue enhancement. Besides, the immense size of McDonald ‘s could be factored into one of the biggest critical success factors of all. Because of the humougous size of the corporation, it allowed it to make many things which other franchisees or little concerns could non make on a big graduated table. Along side it ‘s doctrine, vision and mission statements, McDonald ‘s has decidedly managed to crush the mediocre criterions during the earlier phases, leting it to take off and perforate quicker into the fast nutrient market than its challengers. This is chiefly by it ‘s Properties of velocity: Initially, this was the chief factor to McDonald ‘s success. Even from the earlier yearss, McDonald ‘s has earned a repute for functioning repasts expeditiously fast. In comparing to other similar fast nutrient rivals, such as Hardee ‘s and Rex Burger articulations, McDonald ‘s was ever developing its method behind the counters to rush up their procedure of presenting the goods. Types of merchandises offered: A assortment of goods catered to all types of people in every part of the universe. In India, for illustration, McVeggie has become a popular delectation among the locals, as the bulk of the population is vegetarians. Monetary values of merchandises: Low-cost to everybody. This was enormously contributed by the rapid procedure of the nutrient readying clip. Since it took less clip to cook, â€Å" assemble † and function the Burgers and french friess, this lone meant that McDonald ‘s was able to sell more merchandises in a shorter clip as good. Hence, the economic system of graduated table, monetary values were able to fall lower than its chief rivals. Level of service: Consistency of the services. Ray Kroc understood that the uniformity and preciseness was cardinal to a successful franchise. He made certain that there were regulations set and abided, by carefully making a manual for all to follow and conform to. In that manner, everybody from different parts of the planet could bask McDonald ‘s the manner they normally have it anyplace in the universe merely the same. Decision As can see, from the debut to the really last portion, everything seems to associate back to the history of the start of McDonald ‘s. This could merely intend that Ray Kroc had a leading long term vision of how he wanted the company to be, how he wanted it to success and how he wanted it to turn and boom. All the foundations were built on from the early yearss, with minor alterations as clip goes by. In other words, vision and being confident and swearing to your leaders visions and missions is indispensable to travel on strong for the company. McDonald ‘s has become such a powerful symbol of the standardisation and routinization of modern life that it has inspired a new vocabulary McDonaldization. George Ritzer, uses the term to depict â€Å" the procedure by which the rules of the fast nutrient eating house are coming to rule more and more sectors of. . . society. †